On Ep. 92 of Infinite Jungle, Christine interviews Łukasz Rozmej and Marek Moraczyński from the Nethermind client team. Nethermind is the 2nd most popular Ethereum execution layer client used by close to 40% of all Ethereum node operators. Christine asks Łukasz and Marek about their thoughts on Ethereum upgrades Pectra and Fusaka, as well as their views on Ethereum client diversity. This is the final episode of Infinite Jungle Season 2 and the last episode hosted by Christine. Christine shares a word of thanks to her listeners and everyone who supported the show for the past 2 seasons. Guest: Name: Łukasz Rozmej Title: Team Lead at Nethermind X: https://x.com/urozmej Name: Marek Moraczyński Title: Team Lead at Nethermind X: https://x.com/M25Marek Show note links: Nethermind Fusaka scope team view ( https://x.com/M25Marek/status/1896911082628727213 ) Fork-Choice Enforced Inclusion Lists, FOCIL ( https://ethresear.ch/t/fork-choice-enforced-inclusion-lists-focil-a-simple-committee-based-inclusion-list-proposal/19870 ) Nethermind Surge rollup ( https://www.surge.wtf/ ) Timestamps: (00:01:05) Comparing Pectra to prior upgrades (00:03:10) Pectra mainnet timeline expectations (00:05:12) Nethermind’s view on Fusaka scope (00:18:08) Nethermind’s competitive edge (00:24:44) Nethermind’s preparations for history expiry (00:29:03) Marek and Lukasz’s future as core devs (00:35:03) A word of thanks This episode was recorded on Friday, March 21, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.91 of Infinite Jungle, Christine shares her main takeaways from ACDE #208 where developers set an ambitious date for Pectra activation on Ethereum mainnet. They also reconfirmed the inclusion of EOF in the Fusaka upgrade and agreed to pursue the largest version of EOF in Fusaka with the addition of a few new EIPs. Finally, Christine announces her departure from Galaxy and the Infinite Jungle podcast. Due to her departure, Infinite Jungle Season 2 will be ending early. The final episode will air on Wednesday, April 2. Show note links: ACDE #208 call notes ( https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-execution-call-208/ ) Concerns about April 30 ( https://x.com/philngo_/status/1905630338413396184 ) Infinite Jungle guest episode with Danno Ferrin ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tlzd_XMI0KE ) Concerns about EOF ( https://hackmd.io/@pcaversaccio/eof-when-complexity-outweighs-necessity ) Ethereum protocol upgrade process document ( https://github.com/ethereum/pm/pull/1409 ) EIP 7883, ModExp gas cost increase ( https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7883 ) Christine’s X profile ( https://x.com/christine_dkim ) Galaxy Research website ( https://www.galaxy.com/insights/ ) Timestamps: (00:02:12) Hoodi testnet upgrade (00:07:03) April 30 (00:17:34) Complete EOF (00:29:11) Something’s gotta give (00:35:29) Christine’s big announcement This episode was recorded on Friday, March 28, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 90 of Infinite Jungle, Christine interviews Piper Merriam, an Ethereum Foundation researcher leading efforts for history expiry on Ethereum. History expiry enables Ethereum nodes to prune old block and transaction data from their databases. It is estimated to free up 100s of GB worth of hard disk space. It is also expected to open the design space for differentiated and use case specific client software. Christine speaks to Merriam about the benefits, risks, and timeline for history expiry, as well as his views on why history expiry efforts are often underappreciated in the Ethereum community. Guest: Name: Piper Merriam Title: Ethereum Foundation Researcher Show note links: The Portal Network ( https://ethportal.net/ ) Timestamps: (00:01:00) How Piper got involved with Ethereum (00:08:08) How history expiry enables node differentiation (00:14:26) The risks of history expiry (00:21:42) The game theory behind history expiry (00:35:38) Meet the Portal team (00:38:27) The history expiry timeline (00:43:28) Piper’s motivation for working on Ethereum This episode was recorded on Friday, March 21, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.89 of Infinite Jungle, Christine shares her main takeaways from ACDC #153 where developers reconfirmed next steps for Pectra testing, discussed the strategy for history expiry, and debated the merits of EIP 7688 for the Fusaka upgrade. Show note links: Hoodi blockchain explorer ( https://dora.hoodi.ethpandaops.io/ ) EIP 7688, Forward compatible consensus data structures ( https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7688 ) EIP 4788, Beacon block root in the EVM ( https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4788 ) ACDC #153 call notes ( https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-consensus-call-153/ ) Timestamps: (00:01:29) Hoodi is alive! (00:05:25) Concerns about the history expiry timeline (00:20:54) Concerns about the scope of Fusaka This episode was recorded on Friday, March 21, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 88 of Infinite Jungle, Christine interviews Camila Russo, the founder of The Defiant and author of The Infinite Machine. Christine speaks with Camila about how she started The Defiant, a news site that specializes in covering major developments in decentralized finance and on-chain activity. Christine also speaks with Camila about her views on Ethereum’s value and recent organizational changes in the Ethereum Foundation. Christine and Camila discuss concerns about Ethereum’s rollup-centric roadmap and the value accrual mechanisms for ETH considering the migration of user activity to L2s. Guest: Name: Camila Russo Title: The Founder of The Defiant and Author of The Infinite Machine X: https://x.com/CamiRusso Show note links: The Defiant ( https://thedefiant.io/ ) The Infinite Machine ( https://www.amazon.com/Infinite-Machine-Crypto-hackers-Building-Internet-ebook/dp/B07X8HS2WC ) Timestamps: (00:00:56) The Defiant is independently owned (00:03:39) How the Defiant is going on-chain (00:10:23) Cami’s ETHDenver 2025 takeaways (00:18:32) Ethereum’s two main problems (00:31:01) The most promising Ethereum competitors (00:39:03) Why ETH is gas or sound money but not both (00:43:26) Cami’s take on recent changes in the EF This episode was recorded on Friday, March 14, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.87 of Infinite Jungle, Christine shares her main takeaways from ACDE #207. Ethereum developers agreed on another new game plan for Pectra that involves the launch of a brand new public testnet called Hoodi. Hoodi will mimic Ethereum mainnet in almost every way, including Ethereum’s validator set size and network specifications. From genesis, Hoodi will activate with Dencun specifications, which are the specifications live on Ethereum mainnet today, and within 10 days of launch, developers will roll out the Pectra upgrade on Hoodi. If the Pectra upgrade on Hoodi goes well, developers may schedule the Pectra upgrade for Ethereum mainnet as early as 30 days out thereafter. This means developers are now estimating the earliest Pectra could go live on mainnet is late April. Christine explains why the upgrade is more likely to happen some time in May and highlights the surprising shift in developer sentiment on the ACD call from shipping faster to taking it easy. Show note links: ACDE #207 Call Notes ( https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-execution-call-207/ ) Timestamps: (00:01:25) Holesky win changes Pectra plans (00:08:08) The 4 options for Pectra testing (00:18:42) What developers needs to see before Pectra goes live on mainnet (00:26:51) Why developers decided to with Option #1 This episode was recorded on Friday, March 14, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 86 of Infinite Jungle, Christine interviews Ethereum Foundation Developer Operations Engineer Parithosh Jayanthi and Ethereum Foundation Geth Developer Marius van der Wijden about the recent Holesky and Sepolia testnet upgrades. Both upgrades resulted in major hot fixes to Ethereum clients. Jayanthi and van der Wijden explain why these results are not out of the ordinary for Ethereum developers and what learnings have been gleaned from both testnet incidents. They also share their views on recent organizational changes to the Ethereum Foundation and their outlook on the state of Ethereum protocol development. Guest: Name: Parithosh Jayanthi Title: Ethereum Foundation Developer Operations Engineer X: https://x.com/parithosh_j Name: Marius van der Wijden Title: Ethereum Foundation Geth Developer X: https://x.com/vdWijden Show note links: Marius’ Sepolia Pectra fork incident recap ( https://mariusvanderwijden.github.io/blog/2025/03/08/Sepolia/ ) Pectra audit competition ( https://cantina.xyz/competitions/9ab19e33-b73c-4384-83a8-b905f508ce5e ) Timestamps: (00:01:27) Resetting expectations for Pectra testing (00:13:51) The need to reprioritize protocol hardening (00:27:39) When will Pectra be ready for mainnet? (00:32:24) Can Ethereum upgrade safely and faster? (00:46:55) Views on the Ethereum Foundation This episode was recorded on Friday, March 7, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.85 of Infinite Jungle, Christine shares her main takeaways from ACDC #152 where Ethereum developers agreed on a new game plan for Pectra in the aftermath of the Holesky and Sepolia testnet upgrades. Developers will launch a clone or shadow fork of the Holesky testnet to support testing of the Pectra upgrade by the broader Ethereum ecosystem in lieu of the original Holesky testnet. Holesky remains in a state of non-finalization. However, developers are still working to restore the testnet for long-term use. The Sepolia testnet is healthy in the aftermath of the Pectra upgrade, though developers needed to issue a hotfix to clients within the first few hours of Pectra activation to stabilize the testnet initially. Christine runs through all the latest updates in Ethereum protocol development and shares the silver linings to recent setbacks for the Pectra development timeline. Timestamps: (00:00:50) Holesky Status Update (00:07:46) Sepolia Status Update (00:12:57) New Game Plan for Pectra (00:19:17) Learnings from Pectra Public Testnet Upgrades This episode was recorded on Friday, March 7, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 84 of Infinite Jungle, Christine interviews Hasu, Strategic Advisor to Lido and Strategy Lead at Flashbots. They discuss the importance of the Lido V3 upgrade, the risks it entails, and opportunities for improving Lido’s competitive value against centralized staking solutions. They also discuss the underperformance of ETH and what needs to change about Ethereum’s research and development culture. Hasu argues for three critical changes. First, allocate mindshare away from “endgame planning”. Second, reduce the number of clients. Third, plan upgrades by goal not EIPs. Guest: Name: Hasu Title: Strategic advisor to Lido and Strategy Lead at Flashbots X: https://x.com/hasufl Show note links: Lido V3 ( https://v3.lido.fi/ ) Timestamps: (00:01:29) What is Lido V3? (00:04:52) What risks does the V3 upgrade entail? (00:12:35) Why should institutions stake with Lido? (00:20:42) Is the Lido DAO competitive against CEXs? (00:31:50) How V3 enables restaking on Lido (00:34:34) Hasu’s thoughts on ETH’s underperformance (00:40:33) Are L2s parasitic to ETH value? (00:43:10) Ethereum’s culture problem This episode was recorded on Friday, February 28, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.83 of Infinite Jungle, Christine shares her main takeaways from ACDE #206. The call was dedicated to figuring out next steps for the Holesky testnet. The testnet devolved into a state of non-finalization following Pectra activation. Developers misconfigured three out of five execution layer clients when upgrading Holesky. Fixes for these clients have since been released and developers have agreed to move forward with Pectra activation on Ethereum’s second public testnet, Sepolia, on Wednesday March 5. Christine explains why this decision may have been a mistake for developers in hindsight and what other impacts the Holesky incident has on the Pectra development timeline. Show note links: ACDE #206 Call Notes ( https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-execution-call-206/ ) Georgios Konstantopoulos’ X post on the Holesky incident ( https://x.com/gakonst/status/1894173832317211112 ) Timestamps: (00:02:51) What Happened to the Holesky Testnet (00:09:35) How Developers Are Trying to Revive Holesky (00:23:39) What the Holesky Incident Means for Pectra This episode was recorded on Friday, February 28, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 82 of Infinite Jungle, Christine interviews Giulio Rebuffo, CTO of Erigon. At only 17 years old, Giulio started to contribute to Erigon, one of Ethereum’s open-source execution layer software clients. He was the main engineer for the Erigon team during the pivotal Merge upgrade and now 22, Giulio leads the Erigon team as CTO. Christine asks Giulio about his experience working in crypto as an Ethereum protocol developer and his thoughts about Ethereum’s technical roadmap as developers look ahead to scoping out the Fusaka upgrade. Guest: Name: Giulio Rebuffo Title: CTO of Erigon X: https://x.com/GiulioRebuffo Show note links: Background on the Ethereum Gas Limit project ( https://eglvote.medium.com/introducing-the-ethereum-gas-limit-project-egl-3f17c7706e73 ) Vitalik’s blog post on increasing the block gas limit ( https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/02/14/l1scaling.html ) Timestamps: (00:00:55) How Giulio became an Ethereum developer (00:08:00) The ideal Fusaka scope (00:18:02) The importance of increasing Ethereum’s block gas limit (00:22:14) Why ePBS has a shot in Fusaka but not SSZ (00:25:31) What would make Giulio leave Ethereum This episode was recorded on Friday, February 14, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.81 of Infinite Jungle, Christine shares her main takeaways from ACDC #151. On ACDC #151, developers agreed to finalize two new EIPs, EIP 7870 and 7872. Though neither of these EIPs require a hard fork to implement, they will still be official documents that live on in the Ethereum GitHub repository. EIP 7872 specifies how client teams should implement the max blob flag for the benefit of local validators and EIP 7870 specifies minimum hardware and bandwidth requirements for validators. Christine explains both in more detail and why there’s still work that needs to be done on EIP 7870. Show note links: ACDC #151 Call Notes ( https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-consensus-call-151/ ) Pectra Retrospective w/Nixo and Yorick ( https://open.spotify.com/episode/45Ws5Ekc1oqFXcJWvPM2eW ) Timestamps: (00:00:49) Holesky upgrade incoming! (00:04:58) EIP-7872, Max blob flag (00:10:35) EIP-7870, Validator hardware and bandwidth recommendations This episode was recorded on Friday, February 7, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 80 of Infinite Jungle, Christine interviews Jon Charbonneau, Co-Founder and General Partner at crypto investment firm DBA. As an investor in the Ethereum, Solana, Celestia, and Bitcoin ecosystems, Christine asks Jon about his thoughts on Ethereum’s competitive advantages and technical roadmap. Jon explains the trap that many Ethereum stakeholders have fallen into by becoming hyper-focused on “endgame” or long-term goals. Jon explains the importance of prioritizing short-term objectives to achieve long-term goals and leaning into what Ethereum does best today, instead of what the blockchain could one day achieve in the future. Guest: Name: Jon Charbonneau Title: Co-Founder and General Partner at DBA X: https://x.com/jon_charb Show note links: A Bitcoin L2 Thesis, DBA report ( https://dba.xyz/a-bitcoin-l2-thesis/ ) Ethereum’s North Star, DBA report ( https://dba.xyz/ethereums-north-star/ ) We’re All Building the Same Thing, DBA report ( https://dba.xyz/were-all-building-the-same-thing/ ) Jon’s tweet on Ethereum’s roadmap and timing estimates ( https://x.com/jon_charb/status/1883912628952850935 ) Payy application ( https://x.com/payy_link ) Timestamps: (00:02:01) Ethereum is the world computer (00:12:04) Ethereum vs. Solana (00:22:31) Ethereum needs a dual scaling strategy (00:27:53) Ethereum vs. Celestia (00:48:34) Jon’s hopes for crypto This episode was recorded on Friday, February 7, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.79 of Infinite Jungle, Christine shares her main takeaways from ACDE #205. Ethereum developers are on track to upgrade public Ethereum testnets Holesky and Sepolia on February 24 and March 5, respectively. Christine reminds listeners that Pectra is the largest Ethereum upgrade by number of EIPs so there is heightened technical risk to activating Pectra and potential for developers to identify unexpected bugs in Pectra even during the public testnet upgrades. Christine also shares the latest updates about the scope of Ethereum’s next upgrade, Fusaka, and what disagreements are already causing tension in the Ethereum developer community. Show note links: ACDE #205 Call Notes ( https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-execution-call-205/ ) Pectra Retrospective w/Nixo and Yorick ( https://open.spotify.com/episode/45Ws5Ekc1oqFXcJWvPM2eW ) ACDC #147: Eth Devs Pump the Brakes on Pumping the Gas ( https://open.spotify.com/episode/0R8Mpovr1JNewo8sWyu10W ) Vitalik’s blog post on increasing the block gas limit ( https://vitalik.eth.limo/general/2025/02/14/l1scaling.html ) Timestamps: (00:00:47) Pectra timeline update (00:06:37) The new goal for Fusaka (00:18:16) Fusaka scope discussion This episode was recorded on Friday, February 14, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 78 of Infinite Jungle, Christine welcomes back Ethereum Foundation’s Nixo and Galaxy’s Yorick to the show. They have a mini-debrief session on the Pectra upgrade planning process and debate how useful exercises like a Pectra retrospective are to the evolution of Ethereum. They also discuss the pros and cons of creating minimum hardware and bandwidth requirements for Ethereum validators. Christine recommends that Nixo present her own document on validator hardware and bandwidth requirements for the Ethereum staking community. Guests: Name: Nixo Rokish Title: Former Executive Director of EthStaker and Protocol Support Team Member at the Ethereum Foundation X: https://x.com/nixorokish Yorick Downe Title: Founder of Cryptomanufaktur and Chief Architect of Blockchain Services at Galaxy X: https://x.com/yorickdowne Show note links: The official Pectra retrospective forum ( https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/pectra-retrospective/22637 ) Graphic of past Ethereum forks since 2020 ( https://x.com/nixorokish/status/1884705154890596601 ) EIP for validator hardware and bandwidth requirements ( https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/pull/9270 ) EthPandaOps community data collection efforts ( https://ethpandaops.io/posts/contribute-to-xatu-data/ ) Validator hardware and bandwidth requirements discussion forum ( https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/hardware-and-bandwidth-recommendations-for-full-nodes-and-validators/22675/6 ) Timestamps: (00:00:38) The Pectra retrospective (00:31:41) Minimum validator hardware and bandwidth requirements This episode was recorded on Friday, February 7, 2025. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 62 of Infinite Jungle, Christine chats with Robert Miller, Product Lead at Flashbots, and Lily Johnson, Rust Engineer at Astria Labs, about the latest developments in the MEV space. Robert presents Rollup-Boost, a new platform for enabling various features on Layer-2 rollups such as fast confirmation times and transaction ordering rules. He explains the role of Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs) in Rollup-Boost and how “shreds” on Solana inspired the design of Rollup-Boost. Lily presents EIP 7727, a proposal to change the Ethereum protocol to enable app-specific sequencing rights. Lily explains the purpose of the EIP is to give smart contracts on Ethereum more control over how their transactions are ordered and thereby redirect MEV value based off these transactions to app stakeholders, such as liquidity providers. Guests: Name: Robert Miller Title: Product Lead at Flashbots X: https://x.com/bertcmiller Name: Lily Johnson Title: Rust Engineer at Astria Labs X: https://x.com/lobstermindset Show note links: https://writings.flashbots.net/introducing-rollup-boost https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7727 Timestamps: (00:01:32) What is Rollup Boost? (00:07:21) How Solana Shreds Inspired the Design of Rollup-Boost (00:10:28) The Role of TEEs in Rollup-Boost (00:15:40) What is EIP 7727? (00:18:46) What Stakeholders Should Capture MEV Value? (00:26:32) Is MEV Easier to Solve on L2s than L1? (00:31:15) The Most Pressing Challenges to Solving MEV This episode was recorded on Friday, October 25, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.61 of Infinite Jungle, Christine talks about the main takeaways from All Core Developers Execution (ACDE) call #199. On the latest call, developers reconfirmed the decision to include EIP 7742 in Pectra as a pre-requisite for a blob capacity increase. They also debated the merits of doubling the Ethereum block gas limit. Christine explains what the block gas limit is and what concern were raised by developers about changing it. She also notes that developers are recalculating costs for BLS precompiles. One of the additional concerns about these code changes aside from their pricing is their use case for application developers. One of the developers on the call said that he was unsure of the use cases for the precompile given that application developers may find it difficult to migrate existing infrastructure to rely on the new cryptographic signature scheme. Show note links: https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-execution-call-199/ Timestamps: (00:01:04) Pectra Devnet Updates (00:04:34) BLS Precompile Repricing Efforts (00:13:25) What is the Block Gas Limit? (00:19:38) Concerns About Raising the Block Gas Limit This episode was recorded on Friday, October 25, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 60 of Infinite Jungle, Christine interviews Keone Hon, Cofounder and CEO of Monad Labs. They speak about the technology behind Monad, an alternative Layer-1 blockchain. Keone explains the four key optimizations of Monad that will enable the network to scale the transaction throughput of Ethereum by 1,000x. He also explains how Monad is pursuing higher levels of decentralization than its competitors through various design decisions impacting the network’s architecture. Finally, Keone reaffirms that Monad is on track to launch on mainnet early 2025. He talks about what users can expect from Monad post-mainnet launch. Guests: Keone Hon, Cofounder and CEO of Monad Labs X: https://x.com/keoneHD Show note links: https://www.monad.xyz/ Timestamps: (00:00:54) Why scale blockchains through EVM optimizations? (00:02:17) Challenges building support for the EVM (00:10:06) How Ethereum upgrades impact Monad (00:18:42) Will Monad need to adopt additional scaling techniques for mass adoption? (00:26:36) What differentiates Monad from its other high throughput EVM competitors? (00:31:53) When will Monad go live on mainnet? (00:34:25) How will Monad retain users and engagement in the project post mainnet launch? (00:37:12) What is the roadmap for strengthening decentralization on Monad? This episode was recorded on Friday, October 18, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.59 of Infinite Jungle, Christine talks about the main takeaways from All Core Developers Consensus (ACDC) call #144. On the latest call, Ethereum developers agreed to include a new EIP in Pectra, EIP 7742. This code change will enable the Consensus Layer (CL) of Ethereum to dynamically set the network’s target and maximum blob gas limit. The inclusion of this EIP in Pectra means it is likely that developers will also include a blob capacity increase in Pectra. However, developer did not agree by how much to increase blob capacity on the latest call. They will rediscuss the decision to include EIP 7742 in Pectra on the next ACD call, which is more focused on discussions about the Execution Layer (EL) of Ethereum. Christine explains why it is rare that decisions made on ACDC calls are reversed or changed on ACDE calls. Show note links: https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-consensus-call-144/ https://docs.google.com/document/d/19jZcm5CgWM12Eqg1HRwG_ppd1EL9tduheckBmoFBCNM/edit?pli=1&tab=t.0#heading=h.hs20rimb4nkm Timestamps: (00:01:04) Francis’ Case for Increasing Blob Capacity in Pectra (00:03:23) Updates on Engine_GetBlobsV1 Method (00:06:46) The Urgency of EIP 7742 (00:13:36) ACDC vs ACDE Calls (00:18:55) Updates to the Pectra Timeline (00:24:52) Who will Pectra impact in terms of Ethereum stakeholders? This episode was recorded on Friday, October 18, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 58 of Infinite Jungle, Christine speaks with Adrian Brink, Co-founder of Anoma and Namada. Namada is a privacy-enhanced Layer-1 blockchain and Anoma is a generalized intent interface. Both projects are in development and have not yet launched on mainnet. Brink talks about the launch timeline for Anoma and Namada, as well as their respective utility in the crypto industry. Brink explains how intent-based systems represent a fundamental shift in blockchain architecture and how intents can solve key problems related to blockchains such as MEV and privacy. Guests: Adrian Brink, Co-founder of Anoma and Namada https://x.com/adrianbrink Show note links: https://anoma.net/ This episode was recorded on Friday, October 11, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.57 of Infinite Jungle, Christine talks about the main takeaways from All Core Developers Execution (ACDE) call #198. Christine shares updates about the timeline for Pectra Devnets 3 and 4. She highlights two new EIPs that were discussed on the call for inclusion in the Pectra upgrade. EIP 7782 proposes reducing Ethereum slot times from 12 to 8 seconds to increase transaction and blob throughput. EIP 7783 creates a mechanism for client teams to gradually increase the gas target over time. They are two proposals for improving scalability that do not require any changes to blob throughput. Christine explains why this matters and the likelihood of their inclusion in Pectra. Show note links: https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-execution-call-198/ This episode was recorded on Friday, October 11, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 56 of Infinite Jungle, Christine chats again with Galaxy Blockchain Engineer Yorick Downe and Former Executive Director of EthStaker Nixo Rokish about the latest developments in the Ethereum staking ecosystem. Nixo speaks about her new role at the Ethereum Foundation as part of the Protocol Support team. She voices her opinion about how developers should refrain from including a blob throughput increase in Pectra due to a lack of sufficient data on the impact of such an increase on the solo staking community. Yorick highlights initiatives that he is working on at EthStaker to improve the performance of validator nodes run by solo stakers. Guests: Nixo Rokish, Former Executive Director of EthStaker and Protocol Support Team Member at the Ethereum Foundation https://x.com/nixorokish Yorick Downe, Founder of Cryptomanufaktur and Blockchain Engineer at Galaxy https://x.com/yorickdowne Show note links: https://x.com/yorickdowne/status/1842104472882872488 https://x.com/ethStaker/status/1839763102952501613 Timestamps: (00:02:15) Nixo’s New Role at the Ethereum Foundation (00:04:06) Concerns about a Blob Throughput Increase in Pectra (00:07:32) Difference Between Bandwidth Usage vs. Requirements (00:10:34 ) Engine_getBlobsV1 and IDONTWANT Message Explained (00:13:09) The Power of Changing Routers for Solo Stakers (00:19:04) How Solo Stakers Could Go About Changing Routers (00:24:26) Will Data About Blobs Inform Decisions About Pectra? This episode was recorded on Thursday, October 4, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.55 of Infinite Jungle, Christine talks about the main takeaways from All Core Developers Consensus (ACDC) call #143. Christine shares updates about the timeline for Pectra Devnets 3 and 4. She dives into how the launch of the next devnet can inform the launch of the public Pectra testnet that developers are planning for Devcon and even thereafter, the activation of Pectra on public Ethereum testnets and mainnet. She estimates that an activation of Pectra on mainnet is more likely in March or April than February. However, she highlights how this analysis is subject to change based on when developers reach important milestones in the Pectra testing process. Show note links: https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-consensus-call-143/ https://ethresear.ch/t/on-solo-staking-local-block-building-and-blobs/20540 Timestamps: (00:01:11) Pectra 3 & 4 Devnet Updates (00:03:59) PeerDAS Devnet Updates (00:07:03) Engine_GetBlobsV1 Method (00:10:22) Preliminary Analysis on Block Reorgs (00:20:05) Plans for a Public Pectra Devnet for Devcon (00:21:41) Pectra Mainnet Activation Timeline This episode was recorded on Thursday, October 4, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 54 of Infinite Jungle, Christine chats with Mirko Schmiedl, CEO and co-founder of Staking Rewards, about important developments in the crypto staking industry at large. Mirko highlights the impressive year-over-year growth of total value staked across all proof-of-stake blockchains. He alludes to forthcoming optimizations to the Staking Rewards website that will help users easily customize information and alerts about staking activity on the site. Mirko also talks about impressive developments in the Bitcoin staking industry with the development of Bitcoin staking protocols like Babylon. Guests: Mirko Schmiedl, CEO and co-founder of Staking Rewards X: https://x.com/berlincrypto Show note links: https://www.stakingrewards.com/ Timestamps: (00:00:58) Growth of the staking industry over the past year (00:04:05) What factors influence a user’s decision to stake? (00:08:39) Challenges to staking UX (00:12:26) Takeaways from the inaugural Bitcoin Staking Forum (00:16:28) Challenges to staking BTC (00:19:02) Key innovations behind the Bitcoin staking project, Babylon (00:22:42) Parallels between BTC staking and ETH restaking (00:25:19) Predictions about staking industry growth in 2025 (00:29:16) The importance of incentivizing home stakers on Ethereum This episode was recorded on Thursday, September 27, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.53 of Infinite Jungle, Christine talks about the main takeaways from All Core Developers Execution (ACDE) call #197, where founder of Ethereum Vitalik Buterin voiced his support for the inclusion of additional code changes in Pectra to increase Ethereum’s blob capacity. As background, blobs are a type of transaction on Ethereum that is usually priced more cheaply than regular user transaction. Blobs are designed to temporarily store arbitrary data on the network such as batched transaction data from rollups. Developers are concerned that the introduction of blobs through the Dencun upgrade has negatively impacted the viability of home staking, that is operating validators on resource-constrained devices. They agreed to conduct a data-driven investigation into the impact of blobs and increasing the number of blobs per block on home stakers before deciding on the inclusion of additional EIPs in Pectra. Show note links: https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-execution-call-197/ https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-150-days-after-dencun/ Timestamps: (00:01:18) Updates to the scope of Pectra, Fusaka, and Amsterdam (00:07:26) A rare example of unanimous support for a decision on ACD (00:14:26) What Vitalik said about Pectra on ACDE 197 (00:18:24) Concerns about increasing the blob capacity in Pectra (00:21:10) Updates about Pectra Devnet 4 timeline (00:22:30) What blob-related EIPs are in the running for Pectra inclusion? (00:27:10) What are the minimum requirements to run an Ethereum node? This episode was recorded on Thursday, September 27, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

ACD After Hours w/Pari and Marius Description: On Ep. 52 of Infinite Jungle, Christine chats with Parithosh Jayanthi, Developer Operations Engineer at the Ethereum Foundation, and Marius Van Der Wijden, Geth Developer at the Ethereum Foundation about ACDC #142. As participants of the ACD calls, Pari and Marius share their view on how they think the latest developer call went and what Ethereum stakeholders can expect next in the planning process for Pectra. Christine asks Pari and Marius for their thoughts on many controversial subjects brought up on ACDC #142 including the urgency of the Verkle transition, the lack of consensus about restricting the scope of Pectra 1 and 2, and the strong influence ACD call moderators seem to have in forcing a decision on the calls. Guests: Parithosh Jayanthi, Developer Operations Engineer at the Ethereum Foundation X: https://x.com/parithosh_j Marius Van Der Wijden, Geth Developer at the Ethereum Foundation X: https://x.com/vdWijden Show note links: https://devcon.org/en/ Timestamps: (00:00:00) Introducing Pari & Marius (00:04:38) Was the decision to split Pectra already made before the call? (00:08:18) The biggest worry about splitting Pectra (00:11:52) Christine’s conspiracy theory about EF Researchers (00:15:41) More context on how the Pectra split idea gained traction (00:19:43) Best guess on Pectra timeline from here on out (00:25:26) Marius’ view on the Verkle transition (00:33:30) Pari’s view on the ACD process (00:39:08) Important maintainers of Ethereum are strapped for time (00:43:00) What does Ethereum need to be successful? This episode was recorded on Thursday, September 19, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.51 of Infinite Jungle, Christine talks about the main takeaways from All Core Developers Consensus (ACDC) call #142. Developers did not reach a decision about how to split the Pectra hard fork into two separate upgrades. Despite the call moderator’s best efforts to rally consensus for strictly limiting the scope of the first Pectra hard fork, there was disagreement among call participants about how to split Pectra code changes. Christine summarizes the main disagreements about the Pectra split idea shared on the call and gives her take on what can be done to improve the Ethereum upgrade planning process. Show note links: https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-consensus-call-142/ Timestamps: (00:00:55) Disagreement about how to split Pectra, not whether to split Pectra (00:01:49) Disagreements about Verkle (00:08:49) Disagreements about SSZ-related code changes (00:13:28) Potential blob capacity increase in Pectra 1 (00:15:52) Commitment issues about Pectra (00:19:26) Takeaway 1, Finalize scope of upgrades before testing (00:23:51) Takeaway 2, Assess EIPs readiness for upgrades over their importance (00:25:05) Takeaway 3, Refrain from scoping out multiple forks This episode was recorded on Thursday, September 19, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 50 of Infinite Jungle, Christine chats with Steven Li, Head of Strategy at RISC Zero. They talk about the use cases for zero knowledge tech in the crypto industry and the adoption for RISC Zero’s zkVM product since its launch back in June. Steven explains the bottlenecks that exist with using the zkVM product and what improvements he envisions for it over the coming months. He also shares details about a new product that his team is building called “Boundless” that will improve the decentralization of provers and solvers that can service requests from applications wanting to utilize RISC Zero’s zkVM. Finally, the two also discuss the problem with too many infrastructure projects and not enough applications in crypto and explore what catalysts are needed to move the need forward on meaningful user adoption into crypto. Guests: Steven Li, Head of Strategy at RISC Zero https://x.com/Li_Steven1 Show note links: https://beboundless.xyz/ https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/zkevms-the-future-of-ethereum-scalability/ Timestamps: (00:00:39) Background on Steven and RISC Zero (00:02:05) Use cases for RISC Zero’s zkVM (00:08:01) Technical challenges with RISC Zero’s zkVM (00:13:24) Other ZK tools RISC Zero is building (00:15:46) Introducing Boundless, RISC Zero’s decentralized verifiable compute layer (00:19:54) Are there too many infrastructure projects and not enough apps? (00:26:34) What use cases for ZK exist beyond crypto and blockchain? This episode was recorded on Friday, September 13, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep.49 of Infinite Jungle, Christine talks about the main takeaways from All Core Developers Execution (ACDE) call #196. Christine shares updates about the launch of Pectra Devnet 3. She also dives into the implications of splitting Pectra across two hard forks, an idea that developers are seriously re-evaluating to reduce implementation risks associated with the upgrade. She explains how this idea was brought up on the call, what feedback it immediately received from developers, and what developers need to consider so that the split does not result in an even larger and more drawn-out upgrade than intended. Show note links: https://www.galaxy.com/insights/research/ethereum-all-core-developers-execution-call-196/ https://pectra-devnet-3.ethpandaops.io/ Timestamps: (00:01:16) Pectra Devnet Updates (00:05:05) Callout for wallet developers to start testing on Devnet 3! (00:08:24) Why the idea to split Pectra was not seriously considered then (00:11:52) Why the idea to split Pectra is being seriously considered now (00:16:00) What a Pectra split could look like and timelines for mainnet activation (00:18:29) My views on the Pectra split idea (00:23:45) How I think Pectra should be split from a narrative perspective (00:29:11) Concerns about splitting Pectra into two separate upgrades This episode was recorded on Friday, September 13, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…

On Ep. 48 of Infinite Jungle, Christine chats with Nixo Rokish, Executive Director of EthStaker, and Yorick Downe, Founder of CryptoManufaktur and Blockchain Engineer at Galaxy, about changes to the staking deposit CLI tool and the expected impacts of PeerDAS on home stakers. The staking deposit CLI is a tool for users operating their own validators to stake their ETH. safely and securely. It has long been overdue for an update, as explained by Nixo and Yorick. Despite efforts to improve the staking experience for home stakers, Christine expresses concern about the viability of home staking. She explains how the PeerDAS update could have negative impacts on users running validators on low-grade hardware. Yorick highlights the rationale for PeerDAS and ongoing research to outsource computationally intensive work like block building and proof generation to other stakeholders in the network so that home stakers can continue to participate. Nixo adds that Ethereum protocol researchers and developers are committed to preserving the viability of home staking long-term. Guests: Nixo Rokish, Executive Director of EthStaker https://x.com/nixorokish Yorick Downe, Founder of Cryptomanufaktur and Blockchain Engineer at Galaxy https://x.com/yorickdowne Show note links: https://github.com/ethereum/staking-deposit-cli https://launchpad.ethereum.org/en/ https://github.com/ethereum/staking-launchpad https://ethresear.ch/t/unbundling-staking-towards-rainbow-staking/18683 Timestamps: (00:00:55) Deposit CLI, What It Is and Why It’s Important (00:03:01) What’s Changing About the Deposit CLI and When (00:07:43) Blockers to Updating the Ethereum Launchpad Website (00:11:46) Christine’s Concerns about the Impact of PeerDAS on Home Stakers (00:14:49) Why Increases in Hardware Requirements for Home Stakers is Reasonable (00:18:06) Networking Requirements for Home Stakers Can be a Pain Point (00:19:57) The Point of PeerDAS and How It’s Meant to Preserve the Viability of Home Staking (00:23:30) The Difference Between Home Staking and Solo Staking (00:24:22) Medium to Long-Term Ideas for Preserving Home Stakers (00:28:07) The Urgency for Preserving Home Staking Activity on Ethereum This episode was recorded on Friday, August 16, 2024. ++ Follow us on Twitter, @glxyresearch, and read our research at www.galaxy.com/research/ to learn more! This podcast, and the information contained herein, has been provided to you by Galaxy Digital Holdings LP and its affiliates (“Galaxy Digital”) solely for informational purposes. View the full disclaimer at www.galaxy.com/disclaimer-galaxy-brains-podcast/…